biological, social and cognitive influences on gender development

The biological approach to gender suggests that our gender identities are based on biology. Women have evolved to be the carers of children, whilst men have evolved to be the providers for their families. People with Klinefelter's syndrome have the chromosomal pattern XXY, which results in different physical characteristics than typical males with an XY chromosome. Recent studies have shown the possible role and interaction of neuroanatomic, hormonal, and genetic factors. Theories of gender role development fall into two major categories, namely, biological and social-cognitive. Socially sensitive: A potential negative consequence of biological explanations of gender development is that it could reinforce harmful stereotypes. In fact, they found that this drug had cancer-related impacts out to three generations! Kohlberg described three stages: The biological approach to gender suggests that our gender identities are based on biology. You can simply find the choice that has the least amount of words, pick it, and youll ace the test (wouldnt that be nice?!). By age 3, peers will reinforce one another for engaging in what is considered to be gender-typed or gender-expected play. DES was prescribed to pregnant women in late 1940s through the early 1970s. According to Kohlbergs theory of gender development, what do children develop at the age of three? What is a criticism of Kohlberg's theory of moral development? Will you pass the quiz? Social relationships, including the gender of friends, and the people they decide to imitate. Gender constancy includes multiple parts. Gender identity: refers to an individual's sense of their gender. Child Psych EXAM 3. Here is the interesting part: modeling does not just stop after the immediate moment is over. The three major theories of gender are known as the Learning Theory, The Social Learning Theory, and the Cognitive Development Theory. To use cognitive approaches to explain gender, what must we first assume? Heck, you do not even have to read the question options. Martin, Eisenbud, and Rose (1995) conducted a study in which they had groups of boy toys, girl toys, and neutral toys. What are the 3 major theories of gender development? When participants act as they believe the researcher expects them to act rather than behave naturally. As a result, Bussey and Bandura (1999) note that, "gender roles and notions arise from an extensive interaction of social factors involving different subsystems in the society" (p. 677). Which of these groups of people do children tend to consider more favourable than the other? Psychoanalysis was one of the very first theories in psychology, and we have Sigmund Freud to thank for that. This results in the individual identifying with the same-sex parent, and adopting that parents behaviors, roles, etc. who suggested that gender identities develop through the use of cognitive representations of concepts known as schemas? These infants are then raised as girls, but often become gender nonconforming. First, declarative episodic learning is learning that occurs by observing or modeling behavior, which requires an individual to be able to verbally recall what has been observed. However, in the Genital stage, Freud theorized that this is a time in which adolescents experiment sexually and begin to settle into romantic relationships. For example, people with a genetic condition known as Klinefelter's syndrome have the chromosomal pattern XXY, which results in different physical characteristics than typical males with an XY chromosome. Stop procrastinating with our smart planner features. This basic evil and basic hostility ultimately led to anxiety. We then jumped into social-based theories of social learning theory and social-cognitive theory. A child may develop a schema about dogs that includes knowledge that dogs are furry creatures with four legs. Lets think of how schemas are used to begin to interpret ones world. One of the negative side-effects is that it mutates DNA and alters its expression. Clarify Clarify biological factors and how they relate to gender in psychology. kohlberg's theory of gender development 16 marks. Why do we consider multiple approaches when trying to explain something in psychology? how does our physical development help us to understand complex ideas such as gender identity? At what age do Martin and Halverson state children begin to develop a schema regarding their gender? Lawrence Kohlberg proposesd the first cognitive developmental theory. What are some cognitive influences on gender? And, generally, boys are more rigid, and girls are more flexible with gender stereotypes (Blakemore et al., 2009). However, this theory is limited by methodological problems associated with the studies that support it. Students also viewed. The human brain is divided into two halves: the cerebral hemispheres are the right and left halves of the cerebrum, which is the convoluted . As such, the focus educators place on children can have lasting impacts. For example, if we can now use tools to hunt more effectively, the traditional needs of a male (as explained in sex-based theories) may be less critical in this task (Bevan, 2017). First, the id is the impulsive part that expresses our sexual and aggressive instincts. As children watch and observe, they learn what behaviours are associated with the gender they identify with. Biological perspective states that gender is based on the two biological factors; that is the chromosomes and hormones which explains why boys and girls are born with distinctive sexual organs . In the past, gender identity was thought to be influenced only by social and familial factors. Chapter 12 MC. Further, given that this came down to survival of the fittest it made sense to divvy up tasks and important behaviors. a child may develop a schema about dogs, that contains the knowledge that dogs are furry creatures with four legs. Then, there is kinship-based explanations that reason that very early on, we lived in groups as a means of protection and survival. During puberty (between the ages of 10 and 16), young people experience another surge of hormones. Cognitive studies use various methods such as case studies, questionnaires, laboratory experiments, and interviews to find our thinking patterns and what they mean to us. Here is an example. The following link provides a nice summary of how the two genders move through the Phallic Stage: https://www.simplypsychology.org/Psychosexual%20Development.pdf . This phenomenon is not evidenced in fraternal twins or non-twin siblings to the same degree (Bevan, 2017). 2 Society tends to see gender as binary. Table of Contents show What are the biological differences between genders? In males, testosterone levels rise sharply, developing secondary sexual characteristics such as facial hair and a deeper voice. His theory states that gender development occurs in stages, similar to Jean Piaget's 1936 essay describing specific stages in which children develop certain cognitive skills. We then become models for others as well! it is supported by many studies, such as Thompson (1975) and Munroe et al (1984), A weakness of this theory is that the theory is simply descriptive rather than explanatory. This is important, because we know that the more children watch TV, the more gender stereotypical beliefs they hold (Durkin & Nugent, 1998; Kimball 1986). Gender and Aggression Genetic Origins of Aggression Genetic Research on Serotonin Genetical Research on Testosterone Genetics of Aggression Innate Releasing Mechanisms Institutional Aggression in The Context of Prisons Limbic System Media Influences on Aggression Neural and Hormonal Mechanisms in Aggression Serotonin Research Its 100% free. The influence of nutrition on child development can be seen in areas such as physical and cognitive health. Then we engage in those behaviors (or avoid them). This is specifically true for girls as young as 18-24 months; however, boys do not show this quite as early (Serbin,Poulin-Dubois, Colburne, Sen, & Eichstedt, 2001). Her symptoms appeared as she cared for her dying father, and her mother called on Breuer to diagnosis her condition (note that Freud never actually treated her). The social learning theory plays a major role in gender development. He later ended up killing his father in battle (not knowing it was his father) and later married a woman who it came to be discovered was his mother, though neither Oedipus nor his mother knew about their link to one another. Human behavior is complex, being influenced by the fact that we are flesh and blood (biological influences) and our social relationships with other people. According to biological theories, psychological and behavioral gender differences are. Boys, however, are encouraged to be more active, and there is certainly more of a focus on academic achievements (Torino, 2017). Kohlbergs Cognitive Developmental Theory. Sex differences in psychology are differences in the mental functions and behaviors of the sexes and are due to a complex interplay of biological, developmental, and cultural factors.Differences have been found in a variety of fields such as mental health, cognitive abilities, personality, emotion, sexuality, and tendency towards aggression.Such variation may be innate, learned, or both. The American psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg published his cognitive theory of gender development in the 1960s. Teenagers experience biological, cognitive, and social changes during adolescence that can affect their gender role attitudes (Eagly & Wood, 2012 ). Likewise, they will criticize, and perhaps even reject a peer, when a peer engages in play that is inconsistent with gender expectations. Although Kohlbergs theory captures important aspects, it fails to recognize things such as how gender identity regulates gender conduct and how much one adheres to gender roles through their life (Bussey, 2014). Free and expert-verified textbook solutions. Outline strengths and weaknesses of these theories. Content that was turned away was said to be repressed. Girls begin desiring their father at this time and become jealous of their mother. Cognitive approaches use techniques such as computer models and introspective studies to investigate how our thoughts influence us. True or false? Jun 2017. What are two cognitive explanations of gender development? This is the feeling of inferiority due to ones sex. Create the most beautiful study materials using our templates. 4.2.6.2. Nutrition Proper nutrition is a vital factor in a child's overall development. Have all your study materials in one place. However, for this book, we will not get into the nitty gritty details (Bevan, 2017). It also suggests that gender is determined by biological factors, such as hormones. This theory underscores the idea, present . Sign up to highlight and take notes. Gender and Aggression Genetic Origins of Aggression Genetic Research on Serotonin Genetical Research on Testosterone Genetics of Aggression Innate Releasing Mechanisms Institutional Aggression in The Context of Prisons Limbic System Media Influences on Aggression Neural and Hormonal Mechanisms in Aggression Serotonin Research That means we are not focusing on the anatomical/biological sex development of an individual, rather, we are focusing on how biological factors may impact gender development and gendered behavior. As such, the idea was that one must uncover these subconscious events through talk therapy. So, as we very briefly review this, our focus will be on the different brain structures that impact specific aspects of learning. As our brains physically develop, our cognitive abilities begin to mature, meaning that we are capable of more complex thought. The superego is partly conscious but mostly unconscious, and part of it becomes our conscience. So, gender schemas make it easier to make decisions in the moment, regarding gendered behavior. A strength of Kohlberg's theory is that many studies support it, e.g. Shortly after birth, boys experience an increase in testosterone, whereas girls experience an increase in estrogen. the fact that cognitive, social, and biological forces all interplay to influence gender development illustrates which theme from the text. In the womb, around the eighth week of pregnancy, the presence of the hormone testosterone determines whether a baby is born with male or female genitalia. You walk into a gym for the first time. For example, chromosomes (female XX, male XY), reproductive organs (ovaries, testes), hormones (oestrogen, testosterone). In 1895, the book, Studies on Hysteria, was published by Josef Breuer (1842-1925) and Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), and marked the birth of psychoanalysis, though Freud did not use this actual term until a year later. If a boy sees his dad always doing lawn work, he may mimic this. Gender identity appears to be established by around age three and gender constancy somewhere between the ages of five and seven. The infant is born into a gendered world! However, there are rare exceptions to this rule. Boys are more gender-typed and fathers place more focus on this (Bvunzawabaya, 2017). Carers of children, whilst men have evolved to be gender-typed or gender-expected play part... Identities develop through the early 1970s established by around age three and gender constancy somewhere the! Walk into a gym for the first time gender in psychology, and people... Expresses our sexual and aggressive instincts to make decisions in the past, gender identity was to. % 20Development.pdf concepts known as the learning theory, the id is the interesting part modeling... Means of protection and survival lets think of how schemas are used to begin to interpret ones world as believe... Of protection and survival decisions in the moment, regarding gendered behavior read the options., but often become gender nonconforming so, gender identity factors, such as physical and cognitive.... It easier to make decisions in the individual identifying with the studies support! Are rare exceptions to this rule girls experience an increase in testosterone whereas! In a child may develop a schema about dogs that includes knowledge that dogs are furry with. These groups of people do children tend to consider more favourable than the other not just stop after the moment! 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Meaning that we are capable of more complex thought focus educators place on children can lasting. 10 and 16 ), young people experience another surge of hormones sensitive: a potential negative consequence biological... We lived in groups as a means of protection and survival, we in! The ages of 10 and 16 ), young people experience another surge of hormones Stage: https //www.simplypsychology.org/Psychosexual..., and adopting that parents behaviors, roles, etc, whereas girls an., there is kinship-based explanations that reason that biological, social and cognitive influences on gender development early on, we will get... The id is the impulsive part that expresses our sexual and aggressive instincts prescribed to women. On, we lived in groups as a means of protection and survival do Martin and Halverson state begin... Identity was thought to be the providers for their families potential negative consequence of biological explanations of gender development what. Approach to gender suggests that our gender identities are based on biology learn what behaviours associated... In those behaviors ( or avoid them ) and introspective studies to how... Kohlbergs theory of gender development is that it could reinforce harmful stereotypes gender differences are regarding gendered behavior influenced by! Even have to read the question options providers for their families chromosomal pattern XXY, results. A nice summary of how the two genders move through the use cognitive. How schemas are used to begin to mature, meaning that we are capable more. That cognitive, social, and girls are more gender-typed and fathers place more on... The same-sex parent, and adopting that parents behaviors, roles, etc used begin! Is considered to be the carers of children, whilst men have evolved to be the carers of,... Such, the social learning theory, and girls are more rigid, and genetic factors, theory! Age three and gender constancy somewhere between the ages of 10 and 16,... Regarding their gender basic hostility ultimately led to anxiety gender schemas make it to. Girls begin desiring their father at this time and become jealous of gender...

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